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KNOW Polyatomic Ions:

Acetate                       C₂H₃O₂^-                             Soluble

Bicarbonate               HCO₃^-                                

Carbonate                  CO₃^2-                                                  

Hydroxide OH^- The strongest base of all

Hyperchlorite             OCl^-   

Nitrate                         NO₃^-                                     Soluble

Nitrite                          NO₂^-   

Phosphate                 PO₄^3-   

Sulfate                        SO₄^2-   

Sulfite                         SO₃^2-   

Ammonium                NH₃⁺

(H₃0⁺ is the strongest acid of all) (hydronium ion)

SOLUBLE:

All sodium (Na), potassium (K) and ammonium (NH₄⁺) compounds are soluble. 

All nitrates are soluble (ex: NH₄NO₃ – ammonium nitrate, used in fertilizer).

Most chlorides are soluble (except silver (Ag), mercury (Hg) and lead (Pb) chlorides)

Most sulfates are soluble (except strontium (Sr), barium (Ba) and lead (Pb) sulfate)

(ex: of soluble sulfate: Na₂SO₄    - Sodium sulfate)

---------

INSOLUBLE:

Most carbonates are INsoluble (except those with Group 1A or NH₄⁺ cations)

(Group 1A: Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, Fr)

Most hydroxides and oxides are INsoluble (except those with Group 1A or NH₄⁺ cations)

Most sulfides are INsoluble (except those with Group 1A or NH₄⁺ cations)

            (ex of insoluble sulfide: HgS – mercury sulfide)

STRONG ACIDS

HClO₄

H₂SO₄

HI

HBr

HCl

HNO₃

ALWAYS: A polyatomic ion with an “ H⁺ ” will create an acid –

The H⁺ will replace the “ - “ (negative sign for “ion”).

ALWAYS:

Group 1 A with a hydroxide ( OH^- )  will create a strong base

ALWAYS:

Strong base in the equation will always make the equation DOUBLE REPLACEMENT

ALWAYS:

Strong base with any acid will always create a WATER and SALT

Ex:

*  HC₂H₃O₂   +  NaOH     -----à     H₂O  +  NaC₂H₃O₂

(HC₂H₃O₂ is acetate with an “H”, creating Acetic acid)

Compound	Formula	Relative Strength
Hydrochloric acid	HCl	STRONG ACID
Phosphorous acid	H3PO3
Phosphoric Acid	H3PO4
Hydrofluoric acid	HF
Hydroselenic acid	H2Se
Acetic acid	CH3COOH
Carbonic acid	H2CO3	Weak acid
Hydrosulfuric acid	H2S	Neutral solution
Hypochlorite ion	ClO^-	Weak base
Cyanide ion	CN^-
Ammonia	NH3
Carbonate ion	CO3^2-
Aluminum hydroxide	Al(OH)3
Phosphate ion	PO43-
Silicate ion	SiO3^2-
Hydroxide ion	OH^-	STRONG BASE

STRONG BASES:

All the hydroxides of Group 1A: LiOH, NaOH, KOH, RbOH and CsOH are strong bases

The alkaline earth (Group 2A) hydroxides: Ca(OH)₂, Ba(OH) ₂ and Sr(OH) ₂ are also strong bases.

From notes:

STRONG BASES (contain OH):

From Group 1A

LiOH

NaOH

KOH

Sr(OH)₂

Ca(OH)₂

Ba(OH)₂

KNOW:

2                            2

H      aka:        d

1                            1

Deuterium

and

Tritium

NUCLEAR BELT OF STABILITY

Above the belt:  TOO MANY NEUTRONS - beta emission

Below the belt:  NOT ENOUGH NEUTRONS – positron emission

(either by spontaneous positron emission or by electron capture followed by positron emission, but either way, a positron comes flyin out)

THE RULES:

1. Not enough neutrons: POSITRON emission through electron capture and then positron (B⁺) emission or through spontaneous positron emission)

2. Too many neutrons: Neutron is converted into a proton and the leftover Beta
(B^-) particle is kicked out

3. Atomic weight over 83: Use the helium nuclei “equation” to kick out an alpha particle (positively charged)

FISSION: LESS MASS IN PRODUCT  (“Mass Defect”)

What nuclear power plants there are in U.S. are fission.

Europe’s are breeder reactors.

[H⁺] of .1 M?

pH is 1

pOH is 13

[OH-] is 10^-3

.001 M of NaOH

[OH-] is .001

.001 M Ba(OH)₂

[OH-] is .002 (because there’s 2x of OH)

[OH-]  =  .001    or 1 x 10^-3

pOH = 5

pH = 11

[H⁺] = 10^-11

[OH^-] = .002

pOH = 2.7

pH = 11.3

[H⁺] = 10^-11.3

and, the inverse log of (-11.3) is  5.01 X 10^-12

Strong electrolytes:  Strong acids, strong bases and soluble ionic compounds  

Weak electrolytes:  Weak acids, weak bases

Non electrolytes:  Covalent compounds or insoluble ionic compounds

Neutralization reaction example:

Question:

Al(OH)₃ + HNO₂  ----à         H₂0 + Al(NO₂)

Answer:

Al(OH)₃  +  3HNO₂   --à       3H₂0  +  Al(NO₂)₃

Hydroxide with metals: ALWAYS FORMS BASES

ALL COVALENT Compounds

with NITROGEN or PHOSPHOROUS are WEAK BASES

When strong acids & bases are all on the reactant side, use TWO arrows

KNOW:

Causes of acid rain (sulfur oxides & nitrogen oxides)

Where these come from (sulfur oxides are from coal-burning power plants and coal-burning industries) – (nitrogen oxides are from transportation)

Normal pH of rain: 5.6

Limestone (statue) / acid rain equation:

CaCO₃  +  H₂SO₄   ---à  CaSO₄  +  H₂CO₃

H₂CO₃ is further broken down (it’s carbonic acid)

            Into:  H₂O  +  CO₂